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妨害清算罪司法实践分析/郭辉

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妨害清算罪司法实践分析

郭辉


  妨害清算罪是近年来经济犯罪中出现的一种新类型犯罪。它是指公司、企业进行清算时,隐匿财产,对资产负债表或者财产清单作虚伪记载或者在未清偿债务前分配公司、企业财产,严重损害债权人或者其他人利益的行为。我国1979年刑法没有规定妨害清算罪,1995年2月28日,为了适应商品经济发展和经济体制改革的需要,规制部分公司在清算过程中力度私利的违法行为,第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议通过《关于惩治违反公司法的犯罪决定》(以一简称《决定》),对妨害清算罪作了具体规定,但当时本罪只对公司适用,犯罪对象也限定为公司财产,因而具有一定局限性。1997年修订后的刑法将企业纳入本罪的适用范围,犯对象也适当扩大为公司、企业的财产,并对刑罚部分作了改动其他方面则保留了《决定》对于该罪规定的基本内涵,从而使妨害清算罪在我国刑法体系中得以确立。但由于修订后的刑法对妨害清算罪罪名规定仍然比较笼统和原则,使得本罪在司法实践中产生了一些适用上的问题,笔者主要从以下几个方面进行探讨。
  一、妨害清算罪的犯罪主体
  纵观世界各国对妨害清算罪犯罪主体的规定,主要有三种立法主义:其一,法人主义,即犯罪主体为公司、企业;其二自然人主义,即认为妨害清算的犯罪行为只能由自然人实施其犯罪主体亦只能是自然人;其三,并合主义,即法人和自然人均可成为本罪主体。我国刑法第一百六十二条对本罪的犯罪主体并未予以明确规定,对本罪的犯罪主体的认识有多种观点,概括起来主要有以下几种:一是认为本罪的主体只能是清算组的主管人员和其他直接负责人员;二是认为本罪的主体只能是进行清算的公司、企业中的主管人员和其他直接责任人员;三是认为本罪的主体只能是进行清算的公司、企业;四是认为公司、企业和直接负责的主管人员、其他直接责任人员均可构成本罪犯罪主体。笔者认为,妨害清算罪系单位犯罪,其犯罪主体应是公司、企业,直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员应系本罪的处罚对象,处罚部分中的内容是单位犯罪“代罚制”的体现,而不是对犯罪主体的改变或增加。
  二、妨害清算罪处罚对象范围
  妨害清算罪系单位犯罪,“直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员”是其处罚对象,但什么人才属“直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员”范畴,即妨害清算罪处罚对象的范围是什么,立法上并未明确规定。有人认为仅指清算组的主管人员和其他直接负责人员。笔者认为,本罪处罚对象不限于清算组成员,还应包括被清算的债务人的原法定代表人、直接责任人和其他第三人。首先,从我国相关民事法律规定来看,公司、企业从宣告破产至清算完结期间仍应视为存续,原公司法定代表人仍可进行受限制的但具有法律意义的活动如果破产清算期间只能由清算组代表单位进行法律意义上的活动则会在企业宣告破产至清算组成立之间存在一个“真空阶段”,即单位会处于不念旧恶虽然短暂但确实存在的“无意志”状态。因为法律规定企业宣告破产之日起十五日内而不是即时成立清算组,这就意味着企业虽然已宣告破产但清算组有可能还没有成立,此时无人有代表单位从事法律意义的活动而要到清算组成立以后单位才恢复“意志”,这显然在逻辑上是行不能的。且根据破产法规定,破产企业法定代表人仍负有保管企业账册、向清算组移交企业财产等职责,还要承担相应的行政和刑事责任显然,这意味着法定代表人在这些阶段的活动虽然受到限制,但仍能代表单位从事具有法律意义的活动故法定代表人在此阶段为逃避公司、企业债务,实施了妨害清算的行为,应是妨害清算的处罚对象。而部分债权人或其他第三人如与公司原法定代表人、清算组成员共同以逃避公司、企业债务为目的,实施了妨害清算行为,根据刑法共同犯罪的理论,也可成为本罪的处罚对象;其次,从妨害清算罪的犯罪构成来看,本罪侵犯的客体是公司、企业的清算制度和债权人或其他人的利益,最终目的往往是为了逃避债务,在无相关的法律规定或司法方面的具体解释对处罚对象的范围作限制规定的情况下,其行为只要符合刑法第一百六十二条规定的客观要件,且造成一定后果的,均应以直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员的身份追究刑事责任;再次,从司法实践层面来看,由于清算活动与公司、企业及其成员、股东、债权人有着直接的利害关系,故本罪的行为实施者往往具有复杂性、多样性的特点,他们不仅仅是清算组成员,有时还饭后破产企业法定代表人,部分债权人以及其他第三人等,故我们不能仅立足于清算活动状况的分析对犯罪主体作不当缩小。
  三、严重损害债权人或其他人利益的界定问题
  根据刑法的规定,妨害清算罪是结果犯,必须达到严重损害债权人或其他人利益的程度才能构成本罪,可行为人的行为怎样才算达到“严重损害债权人或其他人利益”的程度,无论是立法上还是司法解释对此均未提供可供操作的量化标准。理论界一般认为,根据破产法律的有关规定精神,“严重损害债权人利益”是指由于公司、企业的行为使本应得到偿还的债权人的巨额债权无法得到偿还;而“严重损害其他人利益”是指严重损害实际债权人以外的其他人利益,主要包括由于公司、企业的行为致使其长期拖欠的职工工资、劳动保险费用、国家巨额税款等得不到偿还的情形。笔者认为,理论界的这一廉洁显然没有对“严重损害债权人或其他人利益”作出更为清晰和可操作的解释,因为“巨额债权”和“严重损害债权人利益”一样也是一个模糊和具有相当伸缩性的概念,仍然需要对其予以界定,它仍然不能解决司法实践中对妨害清算罪与非罪的理解与适用。案例:杨某系革公司法定代表人,在公司进入破产清算期间,与分管财务的陈某,将本单位财产共计人民币50余万元予以隐藏和提前分配。案件审理过程中,对两人的行为是否已达到严重损害债权人利益的程度,有不同看法:一种观点认为,既然刑法未对本罪作出明确的数额限定,则法官可以行使自由裁量权,综合全案根据具体情况来认定是否已达到“严重损害债权人或其他人利益”的程度。本案中,杨某和陈某的行为虽然造成债权人债权损失数额达50余万元,但在整个债权总额中所占的比例仅为1%,份额不大,故其行为不构成妨害清算罪。第二种观点认为,立法上虽未对“严重损害债权人或其他人利益”作具体的数额规定,但根据最高人民检察院、公安部《关于经济犯罪案件追诉标准的规定》第六条,如果因妨害清算的行为造成债权人或者其他人直接经济损失数额在10万元以上的,应予追诉。本案中,杨某和陈某在公司进入清算期间隐匿、分配公司财产数额达50余万元,其行为已到追诉标准故应构成妨害清算罪。笔者同意此观点。
  最后,针对妨害清算罪在立法上存在的不足,笔者提出如下几点立法建议,以便在司法实践中更有效地打击此类犯罪。
  (1)需增加预期妨害清算的规定。所谓预期妨害清算是指公司、企业为逃避债务,在清算开始之前隐匿、转移财产,严重损害债权人或其他人利益的行为。根据刑法的规定,妨害清算的行为必须发生在公司、企业进行清算期间才可以构成本罪,对在清算以前的行为,根据罪刑法定的原则,是不能予以追究的。而在现实生活中,破产公司、企业为逃避债务往往在破产清算前就开始着手公司资产的隐匿、转移等,可由于本罪在时间上的限定,将使大量行为最终逃脱法律的制裁。而与此相比较,民事方面对妨害清算行为的认定范围就宽泛得多。如破产法第三十五条规定,隐匿财产、未清偿债务前分配公司、企业财产等行为,发生在人民法院受理破产案件前6个月内都是无效的,破产法草案更是将隐匿财产、非法分配财产等行为的无效性延长至无期限,可见民事上已充分考虑到了妨害清算行为的现实情况并对此制订了相应的措施。故笔者建议刑法应与相应的民事法律、法规相对应,在立法上取消妨害清算行为的时间限定,将凡是在破产清算前,破产公司、企业已知道自己的经营状况和支付能力,同时也明白自己到期能否履行债务,但为逃避债务,隐匿、转移公司、企业财产,严重损害债权人或其他人利益的,也应以妨害清算罪以追究。
  (2)需扩大妨害清算行为的种类根据刑法第一百六十二条之规定,妨害清算的犯罪行为有三种,但在现实生活中严重损害债权人或者其他人利益和破坏清算秩序的行为并不仅限于此,刑法第一百六十二条例举式立法方式使许多同样具有严重社会危害性妨害清算的行为未被涵盖进去。如以违反通常经济要求的方式进行货物或有价证券的亏本交易、投机交易或差额交易的行为,故意损害财产和浪费财产的行为,对原来没有财产担保的债务提供财产担保的行为,对未到期的债务提前清偿的行为,放弃自己债权的行为等等,上述行为和现行立法所规定的三种行为一样具有社会危害性,但并未被刑法第一百六十二条所囊括。帮笔者建议可在本条中加上“有其他严重损害债权人或者其他人利益行为的”概括性规定,以增加条款的包容性和涵盖力。
  (3)需尽快制定出明确的“严重损害债权人或其他人利益”的立法标准刑法第一百六十二条在立法上无具体的数额规定,最高人民检察院、公安部制订的《关于经济犯罪案件追诉标准的规定》虽然规定了因妨害清算的行为造成债权人或者其他人直接经济损失在10万元以上的,应予追诉,但这毕竟是追诉标准而不是定罪标准且通过司法解释来叙明模糊概念具体含义的做法本身是否合适,是值得商榷的。故笔者建议应当昼由立法者在刑法罪状中详细加以规定,从立法上对妨害清算造成严重损害债权人或者其他人利益的行为予以具体界定。

2012年中国法院知识产权司法保护状况(英文)

最高人民法院


2012年中国法院知识产权司法保护状况(英文)


Content

Introduction

Adjudicated according to Law, and Focused on Delivery of Justice
Served the Needs of Socioeconomic Development, and Implemented the National Intellectual Property Strategy
Increased adjudication supervision and guidance, and ensured consistency in application of law
Bolstered the foundation of Basic-Level Courts, and Strengthened the Adjudication Team

Conclusion



Introduction

   In 2012, the people’s courts have advanced judicial operations in the protection of intellectual property rights. Adjudication of intellectual property-related disputes has taken to new heights.
   Several major events relating to the judicial protection of intellectual property have taken place as follows:
Wang Shengjun, President of the Supreme People’s Court, presented the Report on Strengthening Intellectual Property Adjudication to Advance the Building of an Innovative Country at the Thirtieth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People’s Congress, elaborating the people’s courts activities relating to intellectual property adjudication since 2008;
The Supreme People’s Court (SPC) has issued judicial interpretations Provisions on Issues Relating to the Application of the Law in Adjudicating Civil Disputes Arising from Monopolistic Behaviour, the Provisions on Issues Relating to the Application of the Law in Adjudicating Civil Disputes Involving the Infringement of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information and the judicial policy document Opinions on Leveraging the Adjudicatory Function to Provide Judicial Safeguards for Deepening the Reform of Scientific & Technological Institutions and for Accelerating the Establishment of a National System of Innovation;
The first national workshop for chief judges of intellectual property divisions was held in Guangzhou. This was the first time that Xi Xiaoming, Vice-president of the Supreme People's Court, provided a comprehensive narrative of the policy to “strengthen protection, classification, appropriate stringency” in the judicial protection of intellectual property;
The China-United States Intellectual Property Adjudication Conference was held in Beijing.

Adjudicated according to Law, and Focused on Delivery of Justice
  In 2012, the people’s courts discharged their official responsibility in adjudicating intellectual property matters. Delivery of justice was the top priority. Intellectual property-related cases were adjudicated fairly and efficiently. This has improved adjudication quality and efficiency, enhanced judicial credibility, and has enabled the judiciary to further its primary role in intellectual property protection.
  In the past year, the people’s courts have adjudicated cases involving all aspects of intellectual property law, encompassing civil, administrative and criminal matters. The number of intellectual property cases has increased substantially this year; the increase in the number of criminal cases most significant, more than double last year’s figures. In terms of the number of first instance intellectual property cases accepted in 2012, there were 87,419 civil cases, 45.99% more than last year; 2,928 administrative cases, 20.35% more than last year; and 13,104 criminal cases, 129.61% more than last year.
  
   Civil Litigation has become an increasingly important means to protect intellectual property.
    Adjudicating intellectual property-related civil disputes is essential to the people’s courts. Civil litigation is an important means to protecting intellectual property. In 2012, the people’s court have strengthened protection of various intellectual property branches: patent, to encourage innovation and drive development; trademark, to enable brand-building; copyright, to enhance the overall capacity and competitiveness of the cultural sector; competition, to motivate market players and invigorate the market.
   The number of first instance civil intellectual property cases accepted and disposed by local courts grew by 45.99% and 44.07% to 87,419 and 83,850 cases respectively. Within each intellectual property branch, the case numbers and percentage change compared to last year were as follows: 53,848 copyright cases, 53.04% higher; 19,815 trademark cases, 52.53% higher; 9,680 patent cases, 23.80% higher; 746 cases involving technology agreements, 33.93% higher; 1,123 cases involving unfair competition (of which, 55 were first instance civil cases involving monopoly disputes), 1.23% lower; 2,207 cases involved other intellectual property disputes, 0.64% higher. 1,429 first instance cases involving foreign parties were disposed, 8.18% higher; 613 first instance cases involving parties from either Hong Kong, Taiwan or Macao were disposed, 3.46% lower.
   For second instance cases involving civil intellectual property disputes, 9,581 were accepted, and 9,929 disposed (including carried over cases), 25.37% and 21.32% higher than last year respectively. New cases and concluded and reopened (zaishen) cases fell by 41.5% and 0.45%, to 172 and 223.
   SPC’s intellectual property division accepted 237 cases, concluded 246 cases (including carried over cases); 181 were newly reopened cases, and 186 were disposed (including carried over cases).
   Adjudication quality and efficiency has improved. Clearance rate of civil intellectual property cases of first instance at the local courts maintained at 2011’s level of 87.61%; appeal rate fell from 47.02% in 2011 to 39.53% in 2012; reopen (zaishen) rate fell from 0.51% in 2011 to 0.20% in 2012; and overrule or remand for retrial (chongshen) rate increased from 3.66% in 2011 to 5.46% in 2012. The percentage of civil intellectual property cases of first instance concluded within time limit increased from 98.57% in 2011 to 99.24% in 2012.
  27 cases preliminary injunction relating to intellectual property disputes were accepted by the various levels of people’s courts; approvals were granted for 83.33% of the cases admitted. To reduce the burden of proof on the part of the applicant, the people’s courts accepted 320 applications for pre-trial preservation of evidence, and 96.73% were granted approval. 74 applications for pre-trial preservation of property were accepted, and 94.67% approved.
  High profile cases include Apple Inc. and IP Application Development vs. Shenzhen Proview Technology, involving the “IPAD” trademark dispute; Sany Heavy Industry Co., Ltd vs. Ma’anshan City’s Yonghe Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd, involving an unfair competition dispute;Beijing University’s Founder Electronics Co. Ltd vs. Blizzard Entertainment etc., involving the copyright infringement of game fonts; Hu Jinqing and Wu Yunchu vs. Shanghai Animation Film Studio, involving attribution of copyright of the cartoon character “Huluwa” (lit. "Calabash Babies"); Han Han vs. Beijing Netcom Science & Technology Co., Ltd, involving copyright infringement; Zhejiang’s Holley Communications infringement case vs. Shenzhen’s Samsung Kejian Mobile Communication Technology Co., Ltd, involving a patent invention dispute; Zhang Chang, Zhang Hongyue, Nirenzhang Arts Development Co., Ltd vs. Zhang Tiecheng, Beijing Nirenzhang Bogu Clay Factory and Beijing Nirenzhang Arts & Craft Co., Ltd, involving unfair competition dispute; Yaoming vs. Wuhan Yunhedasha Sporting Goods Co., Ltd, involving infringement of moral rights and unfair competition.
  
   Adjudication of intellectual property-related administrative actions further the support and supervision of administrative authorities to ensure lawful operations
   In 2012,by granting and validating intellectual property rights and judicial review of administrative enforcements, the people’s courts have streamlined and improved upon the review criteria for granting and validating intellectual property rights, and in regulating administrative operations for matters relating to intellectual property.
   The local courts accepted 2,928 intellectual property-related administrative cases of first instance, 20.35% more than last year, and closed 2,899 cases, 17.37% more than last year. Of those accepted, the breakdown by intellectual property branch and percentage change compared to last year is: 760 patent cases, 16.21% higher; 2150 trademark cases, 21.68% higher; 3 copyright cases, 50% higher; 15 cases of other categories, 50% higher.
  The number of first instance cases involving foreign parties or Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan parties continued to account for a large percentage of the cases. Total number of cases was 1,349, representing 46.53% of the concluded intellectual property-related administrative cases of first instance; 1,127 of the above cases involved foreign parties, 109 Hong Kong parties, 0 Macao parties and 113 Taiwan parties.
  Total intellectual property-related administrative cases of second instance accepted and concluded by the local courts was 1,424 and 1,388 respectively. Of the concluded cases, 1,225 were affirmed, 118 reversed, 3 remanded for retrial (chongshen), 22 withdrawn, 15 dismissed; in 1 case, the original ruling was revoked and an order issued to docket the case for hearing; 4 other cases were disposed of through other methods.
   SPC accepted 98 intellectual property-related administrative cases and concluded 98. Of the concluded cases, 70 cases or 72.16% were dismissed; tishen orders (similar to certiorari) were issued for 20 cases or 20.41%, 2 cases or 2.04%were ordered to reopen (zaishen); 5 cases or 5.10% were withdrawn; 1 case or 1.02% was disposed through other methods.
   SPC reviewed 24 tishen cases and concluded 22. Of those concluded, SPC affirmed the original decision for 5 cases, or 22.73%; reversed the decision for 16 cases, or 72.73%. 1 case, or 4.55%, withdrew.
   High profile administrative cases include: Wei Tingjian vs. Tiansi Pharmaceutical & Health Co., Ltd, Trademark Review and Adjudication Board of the State Administration of Industry & Commerce, involving an administrative dispute concerning the cancellation of review; Suzhou Dingsheng Food Co., Ltd vs. Suzhou Administration Bureau of Industry & Commerce, Jiangsu Province, involving the administrative sanction of infringement of the “乐活LOHAS” trademark.
   

Better leverage of criminal adjudication to sanction and prevent infringement of intellectual property
   In 2012, the people’s courts have stepped up the criminal enforcement of intellectual property to sanction and prevent infringement of intellectual property.
   For intellectual property-related criminal cases of first instance handled by local courts, new filings increased by 129.61% to 13,104 cases, including 7,840 intellectual property infringement cases (4,664 involved infringement of registered trademarks, such as use of counterfeit marks), 150.16% higher than last year; 2,607 were intellectual property infringement cases involving the crime of production and sale of fake or inferior goods, 236.82% higher than last year; 2,587 were intellectual property infringement cases involving the crime of illegal business operations, 48.08% higher than last year; 70 were cases of other nature, 34.62% higher than last year.
  The number of intellectual property-related criminal cases of first instance concluded by the local courts has increased by 132.45%, to 12,794 cases. The number of persons against whom judgments were effective totalled 15,518, 54.33% higher than last year, including 15,338 who were given criminal sanctions, year-on-year increase is 94.35%. Of the concluded cases, 7,684 involved infringement of intellectual property; 2,504 involved production and sale of fake and inferior goods (involving intellectual property infringement); 2,535 involved illegal business operations (involving intellectual property infringement); 71 were of other nature (involving intellectual property infringement).
  In cases where the offender was found guilty of intellectual property infringement, 2012 cases were convicted of counterfeiting a registered trademark; 1,906 were convicted of selling goods bearing a counterfeit trademark; 615 were convicted of illegally manufacturing or selling illegally manufactured counterfeit marks; 63 were convicted of patent counterfeiting; 3,018 were convicted of copyright infringement; 27 were convicted of selling infringing reproductions; and 43 were convicted of infringing upon trade secrets.
  A high profile case involved the copyright infringement of an online game through a private server.
  
  Combined Mediation and Adjudication to resolve disputes in response to the need to build a harmonious society
   In 2012, the people’s courts continued to broaden the use of mediation for intellectual property disputes, so as to manage conflicts and maintain social harmony and stability.
   First, better aligned the adjudication-mediation processes, where improvement is made in the bridging and balance of adjudication with people’s mediation, administrative mediation and judicial mediation in resolving intellectual property disputes.
  The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region’s High People’s Court worked with the region’s various authorities, including the intellectual property bureau, industry and commerce bureau, press & publication bureau and cultural office, to clarify the bridging of the pre-trial mediation and litigation procedure, as well as systems as “mediation by invitation” (yaoqing tiaojie) and “mediation by appointment” (weituo tiaojie) during the trial process.
  The Hunan High People’s Court had relied upon the results of its Study on the Judicial Affirmation of Mediation Agreements for Administrative Actions to initiate a pilot study on judicial affirmation of mediation agreements for administrative cases of patent disputes at Changsha Municipality’s Yuelu District People’s Court.
  The Fuzhou Intermediate People’s Court had entered into an Agreement on Alignment of Adjudication and Mediation Processes for Intellectual Property Disputes with the Fuzhou customs authority and industry & commerce bureau.
   The courts in Tibet, and Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and Hainan provinces also prioritised the development and improvement of a multifarious dispute resolution mechanism, and in the creation and positive development of a “three-in-one” mediation structure that integrates judicial mediation, people’s mediation and administrative mediation.
  Second, formulate more innovative mediation methods. To benefit from the professional expertise of industry associations and technical experts, the courts have explored a multi-prong mediation strategy, comprising “mediation by invitation”, “industry mediation” and “expert mediation”. The Beijing courts have established a dispute resolution mechanism comprising mediation strategies “mediation by invitation” and “cooperative practice” by working with entities such as the mediation centre of the Internet Society of China, China Writers’ Association and the Beijing Intellectual Property Bureau. The Zhejiang High People’s Court has also explored the possibility of establishing a mechanism for mediation by appointment, targeting at civil patent disputes. The Xinjiang Autonomous Region High People’s Court has invited technical experts to assist in the mediation for intellectual property cases.
  Third, focused on mediation of related cases, and guided the parties to re-channel their resentment from infringement into energy for business cooperation. The Jiangsu Province High People’s Court has assessed the circumstances of related cases in the Karaoke industry and have organised several seminars for copyright owners, copyright collective management organisations, representatives of Karaoke bar owners and the relevant authorities to address at source the many issues in copyright disputes in the Karaoke industry. For high profile intellectual property disputes with related cases, the Guangxi Province High People’s Court organised discussions at the local level with the parties, lawyers and the industry’s regulatory authority.
  The people’s courts have made remarkable progress in mediating intellectual property disputes. 70.26% of first instance intellectual property-related civil cases withdrew after mediation. The success in mediating the highly publicised dispute between Apple Inc. and Proview Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd involving the “IPAD” mark was highly commended at home and abroad.
   
   Greater judicial openness for improved credibility to address public concerns
  In 2012, the people’s courts have employed various methods and approaches when adjudicating intellectual property disputes, and have increased openness and implemented open hearing.
   First, the open intellectual property court includes circuit trials, live online telecast of court hearings, invitation of deputies of people’s congresses, members of people's political consultative conferences and members of the public to observe hearings. In the anti-monopoly case of Qihoo 360 Technology Co., Ltd vs. Tencent Inc., the Guangdong Province High People’s Court invited the media and the general public to observe the case proceedings, and allowed live telecast over the micro-blog. The courts of Inner Mongolia, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Ningxia provinces and Xinjiang region have established a permanent system of observation of court hearings by deputies of people’s congresses and members of people's political consultative conferences, as well as online live telecast.
   Second, published written judgements of intellectual property cases to publicise the outcome of the courts’ decisions. The SPC continued to maintain the quality of the Intellectual Property Judgements in China website and the Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property sub-website under the SPC website. The high people’s courts have designated information officer responsible for uploading judgements and decisions on the websites and for maintaining the websites. Information officers must also implement web analytics, and must report and improve the web traffic. As at end 2012, 47,422 intellectual property judgements and decisions have been published on the Intellectual Property Judgements in China website.
   Third, published white papers on intellectual property protection and yearbook to present and publicise the people’s court’s adjudication operations for intellectual property cases. In April 2012, SPC released the Intellectual Property Protection by Chinese Courts in 2011 (Chinese & English Editions). In November 2012, Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate (SPP) and Ministry of Public Security (MPS) jointly published the first Yearbook on Intellectual Property Protection in China (2011), which compiles important normative documents, work summaries, statistics, research outcomes and typical cases relating to the judicial protection of intellectual property rights. The high people’s courts of Beijing, Chongqing, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan have each issued a white paper or blue paper outlining the judicial protection of intellectual property at the local level.

Served the Needs of Socioeconomic Development, and Implemented the National Intellectual Property Strategy
  Based on adjudication practice, the people’s courts found the appropriate points of breakthrough to serve the broader goals of socioeconomic development, and have implemented the national intellectual property strategy to ensure and enable speed and excellence in development. The courts have endeavoured as follows: first, continued extending the boundaries of the intellectual property-related adjudication function to answer the demands of economic and social development; second, persisted in reform and innovation by improving upon the intellectual property-related adjudication system and work mechanisms to address the demands of the national intellectual property strategy; third, further publicised the judicial protection of intellectual property to broaden public impact; fourth, strengthened cooperation with the administrative and law enforcement authorities to broadened the social impact of judicial protection of intellectual property; fifth, buttressed international and inter-regional cooperation to increase global impact.
  
   Continued extending the boundaries of the intellectual property-related adjudication function to answer the demands of economic and social development
   In July, to leverage the adjudicatory function as a means to intensify reform of the of scientific & technological institutions and for accelerating the establishment of a national system of innovation, SPC publish the Opinions on Leveraging the Adjudicatory Function to Provide Judicial Safeguards for Deepening the Reform of Scientific & Technological Institutions and for Accelerating the Establishment of a National System of Innovation. The Opinions noted that the people’s courts should improve upon their understanding and their sense of responsibility and of mission in providing judicial protection to serve the said objectives. The Opinions also pointed out that outcomes of intellectual endeavours should be given better protection to spur indigenous innovation and technological transcendence, that new factors should receive allocated rationally and according to law to align science and technology with social and economic development, and that centralised coordination should be strengthened to improve operations and measures, and ultimately augment judicial capacity in rendering protection.
   Thus, based on the local cultural characteristics and development of the local cultural industry, the high people’s courts of Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi and Sichuan have issued specific rules of implementation for providing judicial protection of intellectual property to facilitate development and prosperity of our socialist culture. The rules were formulated to strengthen intellectual property protection in the cultural sector, enable development of the traditional cultural sector, and provide impetus for growth of emerging creative industries. The high people’s courts of Hunan and Shanxi have developed rules of implementation for judicial protection and service for building an innovative economy, which tailored to the local state of socioeconomic development. This would drive innovation and development of science and technology, as well as strategic restructuring of the economy.
   The Jiangsu Province High People’s Court surveyed various segments of the cultural industry, such as film production, publication and distribution, Karaoke, games and animation, and intangible cultural heritage, to find out the demands for intellectual property-related judicial protection within the cultural industry. The study culminated in the Report on the Situation Analysis of Intellectual Property Protection of the Cultural Industry in Jiangsu Province, within which included 14 judicial recommendations. The Hunan Province High People’s Court reviewed the irregularities in notarial evidence in intellectual property litigation, and submitted to the local department of justice the Judicial Recommendations for Regulating the Notarisation and Preservation of Electronic Information & Evidence. The Hubei provincial courts have focused on cases involving copyright infringement of KTVs and internet cafes in the course of business operation, and submitted judicial recommendations to the local bureau of industry & commerce, copyright bureau and cultural bureau. The Huangpu District Court in Shanghai also reviewed the irregularities in authorship of movie and television productions and submitted judicial recommendations to the then-State Administration of Radio, Film & Television.
   The courts of Beijing, Shanghai, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Guizhou visited business enterprises and organised intellectual property workshops to establish a long-term contact mechanism with innovators to find out the difficulties and demands of innovators encounter in respect of intellectual property protection. This was as way to provide judicial protection and service that serve the local needs in developing innovative economies. The specific activities were:
Beijing Xicheng District People’s Court visited companies with old trade names, and to protect old trade names and intangible cultural heritage, cooperated with the relevant authorities to initiate the “Intellectual Property Protection Campaign for Old Trade Names”;
Shijingshan District People’s Court proposed the idea of “intelligent protection for CRD (zhi hu CRD) and to build a “Shijingshan Service” brand, so as to provide judicial protection and service for the distribution of goods and the cultural and creative industries under its jurisdiction;
Changzhou Intermediate People’s Court in Jiangsu Province has established a judicial protection contact point for intellectual property matters for key creative industries;
Xuzhou Intermediate People’s Court has set up an intellectual property protection base at the “Creative 68 (‘Chuang Yi 68’)” Cultural Industrial Park;
Shaoxing Intermediate People’s Court in Zhejiang Province has organised a special study on the intellectual property protection of Shaoxing yellow wine;
Hefei Hi-Tech District People’s Court in Anhui Province has completed the Analysis of the Pattern of Typical Cases Involving Copyright Disputes and Study of the Development Strategies of Cultural Industries;
Jingdezhen Intermediate People’s Court in Jiangxi Province initiated a survey of intellectual property protection of porcelain arts and crafts, and provided recommendations for the drafting of the Jingdezhen Porcelain Arts & Crafts Standard;
Hainan High People’s Court commenced studies on the adjudication of intellectual property disputes in the context of Hainan Island being a destination for international tourism;
During the Second China-EuroAsia Exposition and the Eighth China-Kashgar Commodities Trade Fair, the Urumqi Intermediate People’s Court, Shuimogou District People’s Court, Kashgar Region Intermediate People’s Court and the Kashgar City People’s Court deployed intellectual property judges to provide advisory services on intellectual property protection at exhibitions for exhibitors;
Jilin High People’s Court was invited to provide services at the “Intellectual Property Complaint Centre” of the Eighth North-east Asia Investment & Trade Exposition.
  Persisted in reform and innovation by improving upon the intellectual property-related adjudication system and work mechanisms to address the demands of the national intellectual property strategy
   In 2012, the people’s courts have continued to improve upon intellectual property-related adjudication system and work mechanisms based on the Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy, to advance the National Intellectual Property Strategy.
   First, promoted the pilot project of centralised adjudication of civil, administrative and criminal cases on intellectual property by the intellectual property division (“three-in-one” adjudication of intellectual property disputes), and improved upon the coordinated adjudication mechanism of civil, administrative and criminal matters relating to intellectual property, such that the overall effectiveness of judicial protection of intellectual property is given play preliminarily. As at end 2012, there were 5 high people’s courts, 59 intermediate people’s courts and 69 basic-level courts that have initiated the pilot project. There are several interesting developments:
  In 2012, the Guangdong courts have gone full steam ahead in implementing the reform pilot programme of “three-in-one” adjudication of intellectual property disputes. The provincial court, 19 intermediate courts and 30 basic-level courts have begun implementing the system, where 90% of criminal intellectual property cases were included in the pilot. The Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court has done so well in the “three-in-one” reform, and the social media has referred to its distinctive model as the “Shenzhen Model”.
  The Jiangsu High People’s Court has stepped up its study of the application of the law for criminal intellectual property matters in the “three-in-one adjudication” reform pilot programme, and has led the completion of the Summary of Issues in the Application of law in Intellectual Property Disputes (Draft for Public Opinion).
  The courts in Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian and Guizhou have also relied on various methods to strengthen cooperation with the administrative and law enforcement authorities to drive the “three-in-one” pilot programme for adjudication of intellectual property disputes.
  Second, continued to fine-tune the jurisdiction structure of intellectual property cases. While concentrating the adjudication of cases involving patent, well-known mark and anti-monopoly dispute in certain courts as appropriate, certain basic-level courts are given an appropriate level of authority to accept intellectual property cases. Basic-level courts are encouraged to exercise extra-regional jurisdiction, in order to create a more logical jurisdiction structure. As at end 2012, SPC has appointed 83 intermediate people’s courts to adjudicate cases involving patent disputes, 45 for new plant varieties, 46 for topographies of integrated circuits, and 44 for determination of well-known marks; 141 basic courts are given jurisdiction for general intellectual property cases.
  Three, continued improving the fact-finding mechanism for specialised technologies. The courts of all levels have explored effective fact-finding methods for specialised technology in intellectual property adjudication, which encompass forensic examination, expert assistant (zhuanjia fuzhuren) and expert assessor (zhuanjia peishenyuan) as part of the technical fact-finding system. Much effort has been taken by the courts in different regions:
  The Heilongjiang Province High People’s Court has developed the Heilongjiang Province Rules of Implementation for Consultation in Scientific & Technological Matters in Intellectual Property Adjudication; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region High People’s Court has signed a memorandum of cooperation on judicial protection of intellectual property with the region’s science and technology association, and have appointed 25 technical experts as litigation assistants; Jiangsu Province High People’s Court has outlined the method of use of expert witnesses during intellectual property litigation in the Practical Uses of Expert Witnesses in Adjudication of Intellectual Property Cases; the Urumqi Intermediate People’s Court uses expert assessors for all intellectual property cases; Beijing 2nd Intermediate People’s Court has employed the “three-member technical team, and five-member adjudication panel” to try patent cases involving complex technical fact-finding. The courts of Tianjin, Xinjiang, Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan have been actively exploring the expert technical assessor system, and have appointed experts to be lay judges to plug the specialised technical knowledge gaps of intellectual property judges.
  
  Further publicised the judicial protection of intellectual property to broaden public impact
  In 2012, the people’s courts have used the World Intellectual Property Day on 26 April as opportunity to organise a Publicity Week for the April 26 World Intellectual Property Day. Wide-ranging, comprehensive and multi-perspective publicity activities on the judicial protection of intellectual property were organised, so as to accelerate the formation of a rule of law culture for intellectual property and to widen the public impact of intellectual property judicial protection.
   On 26 April World Intellectual Property Day, SPC organised a press conference and released the Intellectual Property Protection by Chinese Courts in 2011 (Chinese & English Editions), and published the Ten Major Cases and Fifty Typical Cases on Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property for 2011, and the Supreme People’s Court’s Annual Report on Intellectual Property Cases. In November 2012, SPC, SPP and MPS jointly published the first Yearbook on Intellectual Property Protection in China (2011). The local courts have captured fully the benefits of newspapers, books and magazines, publicity brochures, radio stations, television stations, broadcast networks and the internet and other media to promote the significance, judicial policies and achievements of the judiciary in protecting intellectual property, so as to nurture the awareness of intellectual property right and rule of law concept among the public.
   The high people’s courts in Beijing, Chongqing, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Hainan have published their own white paper or blue paper on the judicial protection of intellectual property for 2011. During the publicity week, the Liaoning Province High People’s Court had organised a public incineration of pirated publications, and the Liaoning Television Station broadcasted a special documentary film called the Glorious Path in Intellectual Property Adjudication; the Xining Intermediate People’s Court of Qinghai Province has forged a long-term collaborative relationship with the Qinghai Television Station, which through the economic segment’s “Life and Law (shenghuo yu fa) programme, reported and publicised the court’s work in protecting intellectual property; many media, such as the Legal Daily, Dazhong Daily, Shangdong Satellite Television and Shandong Legal News have reported the intellectual property adjudication work of the courts in Shandong Province, and the People's Court Daily has also published an article entitled “Clearing the Skies for Rule of Law in Intellectual Property Rights” relating the work of the Shandong courts; the branch courts of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps have also publicised its efforts in protecting intellectual property by giving out questionnaires on intellectual property knowledge and books of the law, and by providing legal advice.
   
  Strengthened cooperation with the administrative and law enforcement authorities to broadened the social impact of judicial protection of intellectual property
   In 2012, the people’s courts have aligned as appropriately the relationship between the judicial protection and administrative protection of intellectual property, and furthered their cooperation with the administrative authorities, and have optimised the intellectual property protection regime; in doing so, they have established a synergistic force, and have continued to expand the social impact of the judiciary in intellectual property protection.
   The SPC has convened many inter-departmental meetings with the Ministry of Public Security (MPS), SPP, and SAIC to discuss draft legislative proposals for the criminal enforcement of intellectual property, study the standard of proof for criminal cases involving counterfeit and fake or inferior goods, and promoted the establishment of a case guidance mechanism for criminal adjudication intellectual property cases, so as to improve the consistency in judicial enforcement of intellectual property rights.
   The people’s courts have assisted the MPS in combating the crime of infringement of rights and counterfeiting, and have since solved 43,000 cases involving the crimes of infringement of intellectual property and of manufacturing and sale of fake and inferior goods. More than 60,000 criminal suspects were arrested, and the amount involved was 11.3 billion yuan.
   The high people’s courts of Heilongjiang, Shaanxi etc. have signed a Memorandum of Cooperation on Strengthening Intellectual Property Protection with the administrative and law enforcement agencies, such as the provincial intellectual property bureau, the copyright bureau, industry & commerce bureau, to work together in protecting and managing intellectual property. The Guizhou High People’s Court has stepped up its cooperation and coordination with the relevant authorities, such as the provincial intellectual property bureau, industry & commerce bureau, food and drug administration, the cultural regulatory authorities and the public security department, to find ways to establish a long-term mechanism jointly enforced by the judiciary and the administrative authorities, to protect intellectual property rights involving the cultural heritage of Guizhou’s ethnic minorities, geographical indications, and traditional Chinese medicine. The high people’s courts of Ningxia, Anhui, Hebei, Henan and Guangxi have also taken an active role in adopting various ways to strengthen communication, coordination and cooperation with administrative authorities as the intellectual property bureau, copyright bureau, and industry & commerce bureau, to facilitate positive interaction between the judiciary and administrative law enforcement authorities for a powerful and synergistic force in intellectual property protection.
   
  Buttressed international and inter-regional cooperation to increase global impact
  In 2012, the people’s courts have continued to adopt an international perspective, and have broadened the avenues and format to strengthen international and regional exchanges. These are ways to dispel misunderstandings, build trust, and facilitate cooperation, to continue expanding the international impact of China in respect of judicial protection of intellectual property.
  In May, the China-United States Intellectual Property Adjudication Conference was held in Beijing. More than 1,200 participants, including representatives of intellectual property judges from China and the United States, government officials, academics, lawyers, representatives of intellectual property owners, attended the seminar. More than 240 intellectual property judges from China were at the conference; the United States sent a delegation of more than 200 people, including seven judges from United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and president of the Federal Circuit Bar Association. Twenty-six topics, including “Macro Issues concerning Intellectual Property Adjudication” and “Contribution of Court to the IP System”, were discussed in depth and extensively, with 143 speaking at the conference. The conference reflected the sincerity and goodwill on the part of the Chinese and the Americans to share and cooperate for the future in the increasingly globalised world, and was indeed a milestone in intellectual property relations between the two countries.
  SPC has responded positively by sending representatives to participate in activities as the China-US Intellectual Property Work Group Meeting, the China-Europe Intellectual Property Work Group Meeting, the Cross-Straits Intellectual Property Agreement Work Group Meeting, and the intellectual property public relations team that visited the United States etc, and have prepared more than thirty sets of work plans and recommendations that showcased our achievements in intellectual property protection. SPC judges have also received nearly one hundred high level delegates from the United States, the European Union, Japan and Korea, and have responded to the concerns for their foreign visitors, clarified misunderstandings, and shared our practices and achievements in intellectual property protection. They have also corrected misconceptions of a handful of countries in our intellectual property protection regime. SPC has also sent some of its intellectual property judges as participants in international intellectual property meetings in countries as the United States, Ireland and Korea.

Increased adjudication supervision and guidance, and ensured consistency in application of law
  The people’s courts have stepped up adjudication supervision and operational guidance for intellectual property cases, unified the judicial standards and improved the quality of adjudication. First, judicial interpretations were strengthened, judicial policies improved, and exercise of discretion during adjudication unified; second, the ways of providing supervision and guidance were broadened to improve the quality of adjudication; third, research and analysis was stepped up to resolve promptly any emerging or difficult problems in application of law.
  
   Strengthened judicial interpretation, improved judicial policies and unified exercise of discretion during adjudication
   In May, SPC released the Provisions on Issues Relating to the Application of the Law in Adjudicating Civil Disputes Arising from Monopolistic Behaviour. This was the first judicial interpretation pertaining to anti-monopoly that SPC has issued, providing for initiation of action, accepting a case, jurisdiction, distribution of burden of proof, evidence in litigation, civil liabilities, statutory limitation etc. It was essential for guiding the courts in applying the Anti-Monopoly Law correctly to stop monopolistic behaviour according to law and to ensure fair competition.
   In December, SPC issued the Provisions on Issues Relating to the Application of the Law in Adjudicating Civil Disputes Involving the Infringement of the Right to Network Dissemination of Information. This was a judicial interpretation that provided for the principles on which discretion is exercised in cases involving infringement of the right to network dissemination of information, determination of infringement behaviour, determination of joint-direct infringement, induced infringement and contributory infringement, and determination of objective fault on the part of the network service providers. It is an effective tool for dealing with the impact and challenges that the internet presents for the traditional protection of copyright and for ensuring the correct application of the Copyright Law.
   In February, Xi Xiaoming, Vice-president of SPC gave a keynote speech at the first workshop for presiding judges of intellectual property divisions on the topic “Grasping Precisely the Current Policies on Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property to Further Strengthen Judicial Protection for Intellectual Property”. For the first time, he gave a comprehensive explanation of how the SPC’s intellectual property tribunal has actively explored the judicial policy of “strengthen protection, classification, appropriate stringency”. These are the basic tenets on which our judicial protection of intellectual property is based. To “strengthen protection” is the necessary path, given our socioeconomic situation as well as the domestic and international environment; “classification” is the necessary requirement, given the nature and characteristics of intellectual property; “appropriate stringency” is the demand, given the implicit connection between protection of intellectual property and economic development.
   
   Broadened ways of providing supervision and guidance to improve quality of adjudication
   In 2012, the people’s courts have relied on a variety of methods, such as published guiding opinions and guiding cases, organised meetings on adjudication operations, and announcing information on major and related intellectual property cases to broaden the means of supervision and guidance to improve the quality of adjudication.
   In December, SPC has issued a notice on “Issues Regarding the Implementation of the ‘Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Amendment of the Civil Procedural Law of the People’s Republic of China’ in Intellectual Property Adjudication”. The notice highlighted the importance of implementing the Decision on Amendment of the Civil Procedural Law (“Decisions”) for intellectual property adjudication, and set forth matters as a patent agent becoming an agent ad litem in the capacity of a citizen, and correct application of the pre-trial preservation of evidence, to guide the courts in applying the Decisions correctly in the course of their intellectual property adjudication.
   The people’s courts have always attached great importance to the demonstrative and guidance function of typical cases in intellectual property adjudication. The selection and publication of typical cases are subject to a unified standard and has become part of the institutional practice over the long term. In April, SPC has selected 34 typical cases from the concluded cases in 2011, and has extracted and summarised 44 problems of application of law which are universally applicable. The problems are compiled in the Supreme People’s Court’s Annual Report on Intellectual Property Cases (2011) and published. SPC has also published the Ten Major Cases and Fifty Typical Cases on Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property for 2011. Those that have also published their local versions of typical intellectual property cases or annual report were the high people’s courts of Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Xinjiang.
   The Zhejiang High People’s Court has organised a province-wide work meeting on intellectual property adjudication and a seminar for presiding judges of intellectual property division for all the intermediate people’s courts within the province. These were aimed at sorting thoughts for adjudicating emerging and difficult cases, to unify the adjudication standards. The courts of Jiangsu Province have created a new approach to adjudicating related cases, and have selected related cases that are either typical or demonstrative, and have taken the initiative to organise circuit tribunals. The Shanghai High People’s Court has developed the Guidebook on Adjudicating Copyright Cases and the Several Issues in Intellectual Property Adjudication during the First Half of 2012. The Hunan High People’s Court has observed and improved upon the reporting system on case trends and information, analysis system of the quality and effectiveness of cases remanded for retrial or cases with amended judgements, and the communication system for cases remanded for retrial or cases with amended judgements, and have promptly studied and notified the courts within the province salient problems in intellectual property cases. The Heilongjiang High People’s Court has leveraged the Heilongjiang adjudication network and relied on the internet for instantaneous communication and the email to set up a guidance network for comprehensive intellectual property research to which all the courts within the province have access. The high people’s courts of Henan, Shanxi and Jiangxi have established a reporting system for related intellectual property cases to ensure consistency of judgement for the same case.
   Stepped up research and analysis to promptly resolve any emerging or difficult problems in application of law
  In 2012, the people’s courts have focused on intellectual property adjudication, and have continued to strengthen research and analysis to cope with new situations and problems, so as to resolve promptly emerging and difficult problems with application of law.
  2012 saw the amendment of six major laws, being the Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law, Civil Procedural Law, Regulations on Patent Commissioning, and Measures on Service Invention, and SPC has participated in the relevant meetings and discussions, and has closely followed the development of the law, taken note of new situation and emerging issues. It has also reviewed the judicial principles and experiences generated from its adjudicatory practice in recent years, and conducted extensive studies and analysis to propose recommendations for legislative amendments. The intellectual property division SPC has also organised special discussions on particularly salient and difficult issues, including directions for use of drugs, copyright in karaoke, copyright for drama works, and non-squatting trademark issues.
  Beijing High People’s Court have completed research outcomes as Answers to Several Issues on Adjudicating Disputes Involving the Infringement of Intellectual Property in E-Commerce, and Bench Book on Adjudicating Copyright Disputes Involving the Sharing of Video Clips etc; Tianjin High People’s Court has published the Study on Intellectual Property Protection for Technology-Based Small & Medium-Sized Enterprises; Shanghai High People’s Court has published the Study on Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property to Facilitate Development of the Cultural and Creative Industries; Hunan Province People’s Court has completed the Research Report Copyright Cases on Karaoke Operators for all Courts within the Province; Jiangsu High People’s Court have commence studies as A Study on Problems Relating to Evidentiary Rules during Adjudication of Intellectual Property Cases and the Study on the Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property for the Cultural Industry; and the Hebei High People’s Court has commenced the Study on Intellectual Property Protection of Fine Ethnic Cultures.


Bolstered the Foundation of Basic-Level Courts, and Strengthened the Adjudication Team
  In 2012, the people’s courts have further consolidated the fundamental capacities of intellectual property adjudication and the basic-level courts, strengthened the capacity of the team of intellectual property judges, and drove the scientific development of intellectual property adjudication, so as to respond to the people’s concerns and expectations in intellectual property adjudication. First, the courts have strengthened the adjudication team to improve upon the adjudication regime; second, they have improved political and judicial attitudes and ways, and have strengthened the building of an incorrupt practice to advance judicial impartiality; third, enhanced capacity building of intellectual property judges to elevate judicial credibility.
  
  
  
   Strengthened the adjudication team to improve upon the adjudication regime
   The people’s courts have always given priority to establishing an intellectual property division within the courts and to building a strong team. Courts that are of intermediate-level and above have intellectual property divisions, and the 141 basic-level courts with civil jurisdiction for general intellectual property matters have also established intellectual property divisions. Intellectual property judges for all levels of courts are selected from candidates who are well-versed in the law, highly-educated, with extensive adjudication experience. This was the way to strengthen the adjudication team and to optimise the adjudication structure. As at end 2012, there were 420 intellectual property divisions across the country, 2,759 intellectual property judges, and of whom, 97.5% with at least a bachelor degree and 41.1% with at least a master degree.
Also important is the leveraging of the fundamental roles of the basic-level and intermediate courts in intellectual property adjudication. In April, SPC issued the Decision on Establishing a Research Base for the Judicial Protection of the Intellectual Property of Pharmaceutical Industry and on Increasing the Number of Demonstration Courts for Intellectual Property Adjudication and Field Study Bases and Theoretical Research Bases for the Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property. Newly added basic-level demonstration courts for intellectual property adjudication were the Beijing Haidian District People’s Court, Shanghai Huangpu District People’s Court, Guangdong Province’s Guangzhou Tianhe District People’s Court, Jiangsu Province’s Nanjing Gulou District People’s Court, and Zhejiang Province’s Hangzhou Xihu District People’s Court, bring the total number to ten. Jiangsu Province’s Nanjing Intermediate People’s Court and Hubei Province’s Wuhan Intermediate People’s Court were the new research bases for intellectual property judicial protection; also, special research bases for intellectual property judicial protection for pharmaceutical industry were established at Jiangsu Province’s Taizhou Intermediate People’s Court and Lianyungang Intermediate People’s Court, bringing the total number of research bases to nine.
  Improved political and judicial attitudes and ways, and strengthened the building of an incorrupt practice to advance judicial impartiality
  The people’s courts have always focused on developing the political attitudes and ways of intellectual property judges. In 2012, the people’s courts have pursued party-building to lead team-building and finally to achieve adjudication quality. To do that, many thematic activities were organised, such as learning and practising the scientific development concept, education sessions on the socialist rule of law concept, and entitled “People’s Judge for the People” nurture and consolidate the socialist rule of law concept in intellectual property judges, and help the judges reinforce their ideals and beliefs.
   The people’s courts have always given priority to strengthening the judicial attitudes and ways of intellectual property judges. The value pursuit is “justice for the people”. To achieve that, the courts have organised major discussions with the public and major checks on judicial attitudes and ways, so as to regulate judicial behaviour and improve on the judicial practice. In December, to implement the eight required qualities to improve the work practice and to regulate judicial actions as set forth by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, SPC published a notice pertaining to the Six Measures to Improve the Judicial Practice to guide the courts to observe the following, based on their practical realities: pursue justice for the people, and maintain close contact with the public; advance judicial openness, and accept the public’s supervision; strengthen communication of the people’s opinions, and expand judicial democracy; streamline meetings and activities, and really improve upon the ways that meetings are conducted; simplify documented reports, and really improve upon the ways that documents are prepared; improve research studies, and improve the effectiveness of research studies. These were the six areas that were worked on to achieve better attitudes and ways on the part of the judiciary.
The people’s courts have always given priority to building a clean and uncorrupted judicial practice among intellectual property judges. In 2012, the people’s courts have launched moral education programmes promoting incorrupt judicial practice, addressing problems with temporary and permanent solutions, but focusing on the root of problems. Moral education aims to help elevate the moral integrity of intellectual property judges and be conscious of resisting moral depravity. The courts of various levels have stepped up the creation of a corruption risk prevention and control mechanism to realise the “five strict prohibitions and the various anti-graft systems. Anti-corruption ombudsman, recusal of judges, anti-interference of case operations by internal officers, anti-conflict of interest etc. are anti-graft measures, which are internal supervisory efforts aimed at improving judicial powers at work.

   Enhanced capacity building of intellectual property judges to elevate judicial credibility
The people’s courts have always place great emphasis on strengthening capacity-building among intellectual property judges. In 2012, the people’s courts have adopted a multi-prong approach, and have developed learning-based adjudication divisions, held trainings, organised seminars, initiated the hearing-cum-written judgement “double evaluation system”, to put together a team of high quality and professional intellectual property judges. This was a practical way to improve ability and quality of intellectual property judges in applying the law and in resolving practical problems.
In February, SPC held the first National Workshop for Presiding Judges of Intellectual Property Divisions. All presiding judges from the high people’s courts, intermediate people’s courts and basic-level courts having jurisdiction for intellectual property cases were at the workshop. More than 230 participants were at the meeting. Local experts from the State Council Legislative Affairs Office, the State Intellectual Property Office, and Renmin University of China, and foreign experts from the United States Federal Circuit were invited to give keynote addresses, during which the basic intellectual property regime as well as the most discussed and difficult issues were discussed extensively. In September, SPC held a training course on intellectual property adjudication practice at the National Judges College, where more than 2oo intellectual property judges from across the country were trained. Famous academics and experience SPC judges were invited to impart knowledge on the adjudication practice of patent, trademark, copyright and unfair competition disputes.
SPC has organised more than ten seminars, including “Seminar on the Foremost Intellectual Problems”, “Seminar on the Protection of Copyright on the Internet and Well-Known Marks”, “Forum on Intellectual Property Right of Pharmaceuticals”, “Seminar on the Protection of Intellectual Property Right in the Information Era” and “Seminar on Strengthening Protection of Well-Known Marks and Contain Illegal Trademark Squatting”. Other courts in different regions have also organised similar activities:
The Beijing High People’s Court held the “Fourth Seminar on Prime Intellectual Property Cases for Beijing Courts”; the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region High People’s Court enrolled all the region’s judges in the distant learning programme organised by the China Intellectual Property Training Centre; the Shandong courts were gearing towards the building of a learning-based party branch, where weekly discussions on hot and difficult issues encountered during adjudication of intellectual property cases were held; the Zhejiang High People’s Court has developed a training system for key adjudication personnel of intellectual property-related civil cases; the Sichuan Province courts have stepped up their training of new intellectual property judges by adopting a “one-to-one” mentoring system; the Hunan Province High People’s Court has held trainings on intellectual property adjudication, and have since trained more than 160 key adjudicators of intellectual property cases.


Conclusion
   2012 was a gainful year for the judiciary in terms of intellectual property adjudication. For 2013, the people’s courts will assess any changing circumstances and determine the new tasks ahead, and will work towards advancing their cause.
   2013 is the first year to implementing the principles as set forth at the National Congress of the Communist Party. It is also a critical year to build on the previous year’s achievements and to continue the good work in the year ahead. It is a year which offers unprecedented opportunities. The people’s courts will practise the principles of the 18th party congress and adhere to the key notions underlying the Deng Xiaoping Theory, the “Three Represents” and the Scientific Development Concept. Their goals are to build a safe country governed by the rule of law, and to “work towards ensuring that the people will experience equity and justice in every judicial case”. They work to enforce the law and adjudicate intellectual property-related disputes, initiate judicial reforms, supervise and guide, build capacity, and strengthen the fundamentals at the basic-level courts. Their ultimate aim is to serve the people, deliver justice, improve judicial credibility, and to power the building of a complete xiaokang society by providing the most effective judicial service.

关于印发珠海市防汛责任追究暂行办法的通知

广东省珠海市人民政府办公室


关于印发珠海市防汛责任追究暂行办法的通知

珠府办〔2008〕31号





各区人民政府,经济功能区,市府直属各单位:

《珠海市防汛责任追究暂行办法》已经市人民政府同意,现印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。





珠海市人民政府办公室

二○○八年四月三十日







珠海市防汛责任追究暂行办法

第一章 总则

第一条 为认真贯彻“三个代表”重要思想,践行以人为本的科学发展观,有效落实防汛工作责任制,严肃防汛纪律,提高防灾减灾工作效率,更好地保障人民生命财产安全,根据《中华人民共和国防洪法》、《中华人民共和国行政监察法》、《中华人民共和国公务员法》、《中华人民共和国防汛条例》、《中国共产党纪律处分条例》等法律、法规,结合我市实际,制定本办法。 第二条 防汛工作坚持“安全第一,常备不懈,以防为主,全力抢险”的方针,按照分工协作、统一调度、各司其责、局部利益服从全局利益的原则,实行防汛工作责任制,统一指挥,分级分部门负责。

第三条 防汛工作实行以行政首长负责制为核心的防汛岗位责任制,各相关部门实行岗位责任制,逐级签订《地区防洪安全责任书》和《水利工程防汛安全责任书》,将防汛工作责任落实到人。

第四条 市防汛防旱防风指挥部(以下简称三防指挥部)是负责全市防汛防旱防风工作的最高指挥机构,在国家、省防总和市委、市政府的领导下,负责统一指挥、组织和协调全市的防汛防旱防风抢险救灾工作。市三防指挥部成员单位、各区三防指挥部和相关单位必须无条件地执行和落实发出的指令、调令、通知等。

第五条 防汛责任追究是在防汛工作中,因防汛责任单位或防汛责任人不能认真贯彻落实上级防汛工作会议精神和执行有关决策、指示,不执行防汛工作指令、通知,不履行防汛工作责任,或因工作不作为出现和发生问题、过失、事故等给防汛工作带来被动局面或造成较严重后果的,由三防部门组织相关专家认定责任性质,并做出书面报告,送纪检、监察部门根据责任认定情况依照相关法律、法规进行党纪、政纪处分。

责任追究结论,行政、事业单位工作人员必须同职务、级别晋升、年终考核挂钩;企业工作人员必须同年终考评、年度奖金挂钩。造成重大责任事故,触犯刑事法律的,依法提交司法部门处理。

第六条 对防汛抢险工作中表现突出的单位或个人,按照以“精神奖励为主,物质奖励为辅”的原则,市、区两级政府或三防部门应根据年度工作情况实施奖励。市三防指挥部每年安排50万元的奖励基金,各区三防部门也应安排相应经费,奖励在防汛工作中成绩显著的单位和个人。

第七条 本办法适用于全市承担防汛责任的政府机关、各级防汛责任人,负责属地防汛安全的相关事业、企业单位和个人。

第八条 我市每年汛期为4月15日至10月15日。

第二章 防汛职责

第一节 市三防指挥部成员单位职责

第九条 市三防指挥部成员单位必须按照防汛工作和责任要求,制定工作预案,并报市防汛防旱防风指挥部办公室(以下简称三防办)备案,以保障防灾减灾工作有序高效进行。

第十条 市应急指挥中心:负责全市防汛抢险救灾重大事件协调和综合情况上报工作。

第十一条 市委宣传部:负责统筹或组织全市防汛抢险救灾宣传工作,正确指导和及时协调境内外媒体单位做好防汛抢险救灾宣传报道工作。

第十二条 市发展改革局(物价局):负责指导全市与防汛工作相关的水利防灾减灾建设规划和建设工作;负责防汛设施、重点工程除险加固项目的立项审批工作;负责组织和协调做好救灾粮油等物资储备、调拨和供应工作;灾后市场物价波动时,负责采取应急措施稳定物价。

第十三条 市教育局:负责指导和监督全市学校防御气象灾害工作,组织和落实学校开展学生防御气象灾害常识宣传活动,增强自我防御意识,并在热带气旋影响我市时做好到校学生和教职员工的防御工作。

第十四条 市公安局:负责各级防汛救灾指挥车辆、抢险车辆的优先快速通行;协助当地政府和有关部门妥善处理因防汛抢险引发的群体性治安事件;协助组织危险地区群众安全转移;根据气象灾害影响情况适时封桥封路,并做好道路交通疏导工作。

第十五条 市监察局:市监察局依法对各级三防指挥部成员单位、各级防汛责任人履行职责情况以及资金使用情况实施监督。

第十六条 市民政局:指导和设置全市防汛防风庇护所;按照防灾应急响应负责组织和督促全市防汛防风庇护所及时开放和优化管理;指导和落实灾民的临时安置,并在灾害发生24小时内保证灾民得到基本生活救助、募捐等工作;统计受灾情况上报市三防指挥部,并负责向社会公布受灾情况。

第十七条 市财政局:负责落实防汛救灾应急资金和灾后复产资金工作,及时下拨并监督使用;紧急情况下优先筹措和落实应急抢险资金。

第十八条 市国土资源局:负责全市地质灾害防治的组织、协调、指导和监督工作,划定地质灾害危险地区;组织对山体滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害进行监测、预报、预警工作,对灾害发展趋势及时提出科学防御措施和建议;部署和落实全市因台风和暴雨引发的地质性灾害防御和抢险工作,并按属地管理原则配合辖区人民政府组织和落实危险区域群众的及时转移或安置。

第十九条 市建设局:负责对全市建筑工地、建筑工棚、危房、低洼地、大型广告牌等建筑物(构筑物)的防汛防风,危险工棚工人及危房居民的转移安置,以及灾区房屋安全鉴定等工作实施监督管理;负责组织对城市树木、路灯、城市照明等市政设施防风加固以及防灾期间和灾后的除险、修复和清理工作;指导各区(功能区)组织落实灾后房屋、倒塌房屋的恢复和重建。

第二十条 市交通局:负责做好公路、水运交通工具和设施的防汛防风安全工作;组织和落实属地运输单位(企业)做好防汛抢险物资、人员、设备的运输保障工作;协调有关部门抢修水毁道路、桥梁,全力保障辖区内抢险救灾交通运输任务的顺利进行。

第二十一条 市水务局:负责全市防汛工程的监督或管理,并按规定标准督促和落实防汛抢险物资的储备;组织、指导全市水利工程的建设与管理;监督水利工程的安全运行;组织审核工程防风预案,制订水利工程和在建工程的防汛应急抢险措施。防汛期间,负责全市水利工程的科学调控,组织指导水利工程的抢险工作,督促或组织水毁水利工程的建设和修复工作;负责组织或监督主城区的防洪排水工作;建立和管理防汛抢险技术专家库,负责防汛抢险技术指导,并负责清除违反城市规划管理方面法律法规以外的其它影响全市防汛安全的违法违章建筑物(搭建物)等。

第二十二条 市农业局(海洋与渔业局):指导和组织农业、渔业防汛防风救灾工作和灾后恢复生产及灾区调整农业结构等工作;负责农渔业救灾物资的储备、调剂和管理工作;及时收集、整理和反映农渔业受灾信息。负责全市渔船避风设施的规划和建设,监督和落实渔船的避风和船上人员转移工作,并负责统计渔船及船上人员转移等相关情况。

第二十三条 市口岸局:负责全市口岸通关旅客防御热带气旋灾害工作,在热带气旋影响我市时,能够提供足够避护场地供滞留在口岸的旅客避风。必要时,协调民政部门做好滞留旅客的生活必需品服务工作。

第二十四条 市卫生局:负责全市灾害发生时的紧急医疗救护和疾病预防控制工作;组织医疗卫生单位成立应急医疗救护和疾病预防控制队伍,参与灾害发生时的医疗救护及灾区的卫生防疫工作。

第二十五条 市城市管理局:负责组织清除违反城市规划管理方面法律法规的影响全市防汛防风安全的违法违章建筑物(搭建物),并积极配合和协助属地政府做好人员疏散、转移工作。

第二十六条 市气象局:负责气象灾害的监测和预报、预警工作,根据《珠海市防御气象灾害规定》及时向市委、市政府、市三防指挥部及社会公众发布热带气旋的预报预警信息,为防灾减灾救灾提供科学依据。

第二十七条 珠海海事局: 负责通知本辖区内船舶单位和在港船舶做好防台风准备工作;督促和落实辖区内水域所有运输船舶(渔船除外)进入避风锚地避风、船上人员转移等工作,并及时将在港船舶避风情况和船上人员转移情况统计上报市三防办;市海上搜救分中心负责组织指挥辖区水域船舶遇险后营(搜)救人员或船舶抢险工作。

第二十八条 广东电网公司珠海供电局:负责保障防汛防风抢险的用电需要,并保障电力设施的防风安全;负责灾区电力调度和供电设备抢修工作。

第二十九条 市电信局:负责公共通信设施的防汛防风建设和维护,保障三防指挥部及成员单位的通信畅通,做好防汛防风抢险救灾机动应急通信保障工作。

第三十条 珠海海洋监测站:负责热带气旋引发的风暴潮监视、监测、预报和预警,及时对海洋灾害信息做出滚动预报,并向市三防指挥部及社会公众提供海洋灾害信息,为防灾减灾提供科学依据,为市三防指挥部提出防御措施。

第二节 三防部门职责

第三十一条 必须坚决贯彻执行国家、省、市有关防汛工作方针、政策、法规和法令。担负组织、协调部队和有关部门共同做好防灾、减灾、救灾工作,指导和督促属地开展防汛工作。

第三十二条 协调和配合本级政府部门,按照国家和省编委的要求,设置相应的三防专职机构,配备专职的工作人员。

第三十三条 每年汛前提出防汛工作的具体部署,修订防汛工作预案,会同水利等相关部门汛中开展定期不定期的防汛检查,及时掌握防汛工作的薄弱环节,提出应对措施和解决办法,并跟踪落实到位。

第三十四条 在汛期,落实24小时在岗值班,及时了解和掌握雨情、水情、风情、旱情、灾情、险情及气象变化情况,准确、及时地传达防灾、减灾、救灾信息和下达指挥部的决策、指令,掌握各地开展防汛工作救灾复产情况。印发《防汛工作简报》,向党委、政府和有关部门反映防汛工作动态。

第三十五条 负责防汛经费、物资的计划和调配工作,及时下达年度应急度汛工程资金补助计划。负责本级防汛物资的采购招标工作,及时按规定补充防汛物资,并设专人负责,加强管理,定期检查,防止挪用和被盗。

第三十六条 按分级管理原则,配合做好属地河流水系防洪调度工作,负责组织制定管辖范围内的防洪预案,督促落实度汛在建水利工程防汛预案和措施,组织审定水库汛限水位和河道堤防警戒水位,并负责监督执行。

第三十七条 负责组织防汛通讯、报警系统和电子计算机系统的建设、管理、维护。加强运用先进的科学信息技术,不断提高防汛工作科学决策指挥水平。

第三十八条 做好防汛工作总结,推广先进经验,组织业务学习培训,加强防灾减灾宣传,做好年度资料整编和储存工作。

第三节 防汛行政责任人职责

第三十九条 防汛工作实行各级人民政府行政首长负责制。各行政区、功能区、镇、街道办的主要领导为第一责任人。

第四十条 传达贯彻和落实上级领导和市委、市政府、市三防指挥部关于防汛工作的指示、会议和通知精神;组织带领相关部门对属地防汛工作进行检查;组织辖区内的防风场所(庇护所)的建设;完善防风、防洪工程和非工程措施(含防汛物料的储备和落实防汛抢险队伍)。

第四十一条 认真执行防汛工作“三到场”制度,即检查到场、指挥到场、抢险到场;并负责协调年度防汛抢险预备金及相关防汛经费(含防汛物料储备经费)的落实工作。

第四十二条 当气象灾害,特别是台风影响或威胁本地时,组织和督促实施对危房户、低洼地、渔排、养殖户、辖区内流动渔船、易发山洪地段等特殊区域群众的防灾转移安置工作,并提供必要的日常生活保障。当险情和灾情发生时,组织相关部门和人员实施抢险和救灾复产工作。

第四十三条 根据相关部门划定的易发山洪、泥石流、山体滑坡等危险区域,督促制定避险防灾方案,设立明显警戒标志;组织防汛期间地质灾害的预测、预报,指定预防监测员及时监测,提高防治灾害能力。雨季或台风来临之前,对险情征兆明显的区域,必须及时启动预案,做好群众的转移安置工作。

第四十四条 防汛期内,必须坚守岗位,原则上不能离开本市,通讯工具必须保持24小时畅通,以便随时应对或处理突发险、灾情。

第四十五条 负责按照国家和省编委的要求,设置相应的三防工作机构,配备专职的工作人员。

第四节 水利工程设施防汛责任

第四十六条 水库(山塘)防汛责任人职责:

(一)水库所在地的镇、街道办(含)以上的行政领导,按照分级负责和权责统一的原则,为辖区内水库防汛行政责任人,水库管理单位(企业)主要领导为防汛直接责任人,签订防汛责任书,负责水库安全度汛工作。

(二)负责制订、编制防汛抢险预案和度汛计划,并视情况对防汛应急预案进行演练,确保预案切实可行,并按规定标准落实防汛抢险物料的储备。

(三)小(二)型以上水库必须落实专职人员管理,接受水库管理专业知识培训,持证上岗,禁止非专业人员管理水库;山塘水库安排专人管理,接受水利部门的培训和指导。属地水利单位承担防汛技术、监督责任。

(四)水库运行管理必须坚持局部服从全局、兴利服从防洪的原则;严格执行汛限水位,不得擅自提高水库的蓄水水位,确需提高汛限水位时,必须经相关专家论证,并报上级防汛部门批准。病险水库在汛期不得蓄水,确需蓄水的,必须进行除险加固,并报防汛部门批准后方可蓄水。

(五)汛期,水库管理单位必须24小时在岗值班。

第四十七条 堤围防汛责任人职责:

(一)堤围所在地的镇、街道办(含)以上的行政领导,按照分级负责和权责统一的原则,为辖区内堤围防汛行政责任人,堤围管理单位(企业)主要领导为防汛直接责任人,签订防汛责任书,负责堤围安全度汛工作。

(二)组织制定防汛预案,指定专人负责堤防安全巡查,负责按规定标准落实防汛物料的储备。

(三)负责堤防日常管理和养护工作,按照堤防管理相关制度组织日常安全检查,并登记在案。对一般性质的工程隐患应及时组织排除。当堤防出现较大安全隐患或险情时,负责及时组织抢险队伍排除险情,并报告属地防汛部门,启动预案,通知涉险人员尽快撤离。

(四)在洪水或台风期间,堤防实行24小时巡堤检查。

第四十八条 水闸防汛责任人职责:

(一)水闸管理单位主要领导为水闸防汛责任人,签订防汛责任书,负责和落实水闸安全度汛工作。同时,按规定标准落实水闸防汛物资的储备,并经常检查和补充。

(二)水闸管理应在确保工程安全的前提下,局部服从全局、兴利服从防洪,统筹兼顾,做好相关工作,并服从防汛部门或水利部门的指挥调度。

(三)建立健全运行管理人员岗位责任制,制定水闸防洪运行制度,随时保证启闭设施的完好,发现险情及时排除。当发现水闸有重大隐患时,要立即向属地防汛部门报告,启动抢险应急预案和通知周边群众转移。

(四)在特殊气象条件下,水闸必须24小时有人值班。

第四十九条 排水泵站防汛责任人职责:

(一)排水泵站管理单位主要领导为防汛责任人,签订防汛责任书。组织建立管理人员岗位责任制,制定防洪度汛计划,负责所承担区域内防洪排涝的工作,并服从防汛部门或水利部门的指挥调度。 (二)保持排水泵站正常运行,经常检查泵站运行状况,随时承担排水任务,督促排水泵站工作人员认真做好泵站的日常检查和维护。

(三)当发现排水泵站有重大隐患时,要立即向属地防汛部门和水利部门报告,并做出相应处理,提出解决办法,并负责跟踪落实。

(四)在特殊气象条件下,排水泵站必须24小时有人值班。

第五十条 度汛在建工程防汛责任人职责:

(一)汛期施工的在建水利工程实行防汛责任制,建设单位主要领导为第一责任人,施工单位领导为防汛直接责任人,负责工程和参建人员的防汛安全。

(二)建设单位要制定工程度汛预案,成立工程防汛抢险队伍,储备防汛抢险物资,并及时将度汛应急预案报防汛部门批准、备案。

(三)必须与属地防汛部门建立防汛抢险联动机制,遇到较大险情时及时向属地防汛部门报告,启动预案,尽快撤离工程周边群众。

(四)负责与防汛部门、气象部门的联系,及时掌握风情、水情、雨情动态,根据不同的情况落实不同的应对措施。台风影响当地时,负责对工程防风措施的检查落实,并组织参建人员转移。恶劣天气条件下,落实24小时值班制度。

第五十一条 其他防汛组织机构工作职责:

各行业相关单位和各大中型企业成立相应的防汛减灾组织,负责本单位的防汛减灾工作。

第三章 防汛责任追究

第五十二条 各级防汛责任人和防汛工作人员接受上级防汛部门的管理,接受纪检、监察部门的监督,同时接受人民群众的监督、举报。

第五十三条 各级防汛值班员和防汛工作人员有下列情况之一的,给予通报批评、年终考核不称职、调离岗位等处理,或党纪、政纪处分,造成严重后果的追究相应法律责任:

(一)上级有关防汛工作的指示、通知、通报,气象、水文预报和海洋灾害预警的呈报、转发、落实不及时的;贯彻上级指示、会议精神不力的;以及影响全市防汛工作开展的。

(二)对下级报告的情况、险情汇报不及时,处置不果断造成工作被动的;或耽误抢险工作时机的。

(三)汛期24小时值班制度落实不到位的,或擅自脱岗,擅离职守,影响、延误或导致险情、灾情造成被动局面或损失的。

(四)气象灾害发生后,瞒报、漏报险情、灾情的;不按时上报属地防灾减灾工作情况的。

(五)对上级年度补助的应急度汛项目不积极推进落实的,或项目除险加固不及时导致发生险、灾情的。

(六)工作职责范围内不认真履行职责,不遵守法律、法规、规章和工作制度造成损失、过失的。

第五十四条 各级防汛行政责任人不认真履行职责有下列情形之一的,给予通报批评、建议换岗、免职等处理,或党纪、政纪处分,造成重大责任事故的按国家相关规定追究法律责任:

(一)不认真安排贯彻传达和落实上级工作指示、通知、会议精神的。

(二)不认真组织带领汛前、汛期开展安全防汛检查的。

(三)不组织实施签订防汛责任书的。

(四)检查发现险工隐患不能及时组织排除险情,导致险情进一步扩大,造成损失的。

(五)不及时组织实施属地危房户、低洼地、渔排、辖区流动渔船、易发山洪地段等危险区域群众转移,导致人员伤亡的。

(六)不服从上级三防指挥部统一调遣的。

(七)突发险情发生时,不在第一时间赶到现场组织指挥抢险工作,或因抢险措施不当,未能及时控制险情而带来被动局面或造成重大损失的。

(八)灾情发生后不及时组织开展灾后复产工作,对灾民生活漠视的。

(九)工作履职不到位,措施不落实,造成群死群伤和严重灾害损失的。

第五十五条 水利设施和度汛在建水利工程项目防汛责任人有下列情况之一的,给予通报批评、调离岗位、年度考核不合格、两年内不得晋职晋级、经济处罚等处理;或依法、依规给予党纪、政纪处分,必要时追究刑事责任:

(一)落实各级党委、政府和防汛部门指示、通知不坚决的。

(二)不按规定制定防汛预案和度汛计划的。

(三)不及时组织开展度汛准备工作检查的。

(四)发现险工隐患后排除不及时或除险加固不得力的。

(五)在水利工程设施或保护区域不制止建筑违章构筑物,给行洪和防汛造成影响的。

(六)不按规定标准储备防汛物料的。

(七)汛期不服从防汛部门指挥调度的。

(八)不认真履职,不落实相应措施,给水利工程(含在建工程)造成度汛安全隐患的。

(九)建设单位不落实防汛工作措施给工程造成损失和其他后果的,由建设单位负责赔偿项目损失,并给予相应经济处罚,造成重大责任事故的移交司法部门处理。

第五十六条 市三防指挥部成员单位不认真履行防汛减灾责任,不认真开展防汛防风减灾工作有下列情形之一的,给予通报批评、单位年度考核不合格,单位防汛负责人给予换岗、免职、两年内不得晋职、晋级等处理,省管单位或省属公司建议上级给予相应的处理,同时根据情节轻重给予党纪、政纪处分,或追究相应的法律责任:

(一)不及时对防汛重点应急工程除险加固项目立项审批的,防汛抢险救灾粮油储备协调落实不到位的。

(二)对海上作业船只避风、船上人员转移工作不及时,未在适当时机组织指挥搜(营)救工作造成人员伤亡的。

(三)不能保障抢险救灾通道顺畅,延误抢险时机的。

(四)未能妥善处理因防汛抢险引发的群体性治安事件的。

(五)在紧急情况下,不及时封路(桥)而造成人员伤亡的。

(六)没有及时下拨或筹措抢险救灾复产应急资金的。

(七)未及时开放防灾庇护所,未给受灾群众提供必要生活保障的。

(八)未按三防指挥部要求及时提供救灾抢险车辆的。

(九)不及时组织建设工地相关人员转移而造成损失和人员伤亡的。

(十)在暴雨、台风等恶劣天气条件下,市政排水不及时,给人民生命财产造成严重威胁或损失的。

(十一)因台风刮倒林木,不能及时排除隐患而引发人员伤亡事件,或严重影响房屋安危、道路通畅,给全市防汛减灾工作造成不良影响的。

(十二)台风等恶劣天气条件下户外广告牌加固措施不得力,影响防汛通道和造成人员伤亡的。

(十三)防御台风引发的地质灾害工作措施不得力,给国家和群众生命财产造成损失的。

(十四)未做好过境旅客、在校师生防御措施而造成人员伤亡的。

(十五)在抢险救灾中人员抢救处置不及时,灾后疫情控制不得力的。

(十六)不能及时科学地提供气象、海洋信息造成防汛救灾工作局面被动的。

(十七)防汛抢险中不能及时提供通信、供电和供水应急保障的(不可抗力原因造成无法及时提供应急保障除外)。

(十八)不能积极主动正面报道防汛抢险动态和防灾减灾典型事例的;宣传报道不实,随意扩大险情、灾情并造成负面影响的。

第五十七条 当事人(国家公务员和国家行政机关任命的其他人员)对处理决定有异议时,可依法申请行政复议或者向人民法院提起诉讼。

当事人对主管行政机关作出的行政处分不服的,可向原处理机关申请复核,也可以自收到处分决定之日起30日内向监察机关提出申诉,依照《中华人民共和国行政监察法》、《中华人民共和国公务员法》办理相关事宜。

当事人不履行处罚决定的,由作出处罚决定的机关申请人民法院强制执行。当事人逾期不申请复议,也不提起诉讼的,视为无异议。

第四章 附则

第五十八条 各区、经济功能区可根据本暂行办法制定相应的补充措施。

第五十九条 本暂行办法由市三防指挥部负责解释。

第六十条 本办法自2008年6月1日起施行。